doubt, Cartesian. See Cartesian doubt
death: in Eleusinian Mysteries, 63n.61;
drama, 187, 187n.ll, 2O5n.33
eudaimonia obtaining only after, 192;
dreams, 199, 281
experience of the eternal as kind of,
drug addiction, 113n.61
20; household as realm of, 62-63; la-
Dunkmann, Karl, lOln
bor, work, and action as connected
amis: Pericles' faith in, 205; poten-
with, 8; and nature, 96-97; Old Tes-
tial character of, 200. See also power
tament view of, 107, 107n; pain as
borderline between life and, 51,
Ecclesiastes, 204
51n.43: and sin, 314; suicide, 315,
economics: conformism at root of, 42;
316; underworld deities, 30n.l9
as housekeeping, 28-29; "invisible
Decalogue, 315
hand" doctrine, 42n, 44, 48n.38,
decay, 97-98
185; Marx on laws of, 209; physio-
deeds: endurance capacity of, 233; futil-
crats, 87n.l6; political economy, 29,
ity of, 173; good deeds, 76, 240; he-
33n, 42 n; statistics as tool of, 42. See
roic deeds, 101; history as a story of,
also classical economics
185; immortality of, 19, 19n.l9, 197,
Eddington, Arthur S., 261
198; inserting ourselves in the world
egoism, 311
with, 176
Einstein's theory of relativity, 263-64
demiourgoi, 81, 8In.6, 159
elan vital, 117n
democracy, 220, 222
electricity, 148-49
Democritus, 170n, 206, 259n.l0, 275,
Eleusinian Mysteries, 63n.61
275n.31
Else, Gerard E, 142n
Demosthenes, 26n.8, 64n.66
empiricism, English, 272
Descartes, Rene: analytical geometry
end in itself, 154-55, 156, 206
of, 266-67; on Archimedean point,
ends and means: as characteristic of
284, 284n.45, 287; cogito argument,
homofaber, 145, 157, 305; the end as
279, 280, 280n.40; doubts about
justifying the means, 229; Kant oh,
God's goodness, 281-82; and Gali-
155-56; men and machines as, 145,
leo, 273; introspection in, 280, 282;
152; and product of fabrication, 153;
[ W ]
Index
ends and means (continued)
fabrication (making): action distin-
in utilitarianism, 154-57; work of
guished from, 188, 192; action un-
man as beyond, 207
derstood as, 322; Bergson on, 3O5n;
energeia, 206, 206n.35
in experiments, 295; lawmaking as,
Engels, Friedrich, 86n.l4, 88, 116,
195; means and ends in, 153; Pla-
131n.82
tonic ideas influenced by, 142-43,
English empiricism, 272
142n, 225-26, 302-4; poems as
entelecheia, 206
made, l70n;poiesis, 195, 301; as re-
Epicureanism. 112, 235, 309, 310, 311
ification, 139-44; reversal within
Epicurus, 113, 113nn. 61,62
vita activa and, 294-304; as taking
equality: before God, 215; of men and
place in a world, 188; traditional
women, 48n.38; and plurality, 175;
substitution of making for action,
in the polls, 32; in public realm, 215;
220-30; violence as element of, 139—
in society, 39, 40, 41
40, 153; in vita activa, 141; world
ergazesthai, 80. See also work
alienation affecting, 307. See also
ergon, 83n.8. See also work
homo faber
eternal recurrence, 97, 232
faith, 247n, 253-54, 271, 319, 320
eternity: as center of thought for Socra-
family, the: Christian community mod-
tes and Plato, 20; contemplation for
eled on, 53-54; class membership
experiencing, 20-21; experience of
versus family membership, 256, 257;
as kind of death, 20; versus immortal-
declining with society's emergence,
ity, 17-21
40, 256; nation compared with, 256;
eudaimonia: as bought only at price of
paterfamilias, 27, 28n; society as su-
life, 194; freedom as condition of,
per-human family, 29, 39. See also
31; meaning of, 192-93; as obtaining
household
only after death, 192
Faulkner, William, 18In
Euripides, 84n.lO
fertility: of animal laborans, 112, 122;
Eutheras, 3 In
capital accumulation compared with,
evolution, 312
255; labor and, 101-9, 117; of labor
excellence, 48-49, 49n, 73, 173
power, 118; in life philosophies,
exchange market, 159-67; as prior to
313n; love distinguished from,
manufacturing class, 163; as pub-
242n.82; Marx equating productivity
lic realm of homo faber, 160, 162,
with, 106
209-10; relativity of, 166; things be-
feudalism, 29n.l3, 34-35, 252
coming values in, 163-65; as un-
forgiveness: irreversibility and the
known in Middle Ages, 166n; the
power to forgive, 236-43; Jesus on,
work of our hands in, 136
238-41, 239nn. 76, 77, 24On.8O,
exchange value: triumph over use value,
247; and love, 242; as personal, 241;
307; use value changing to in capital-
punishment contrasted with, 241; as
ism, 165; use value distinguished
unrealistic, 243; vengeance con-
from, 163
trasted with, 240-41
existentialism, 235n.74, 272, 313n
fortune, good, 108, 193
experiment, ISOn, 231, 286, 287-88,
France: annual working days before
295,312
Revolution, 132n.85; xhe sans-
expressionist art, 323n
culottes, 218, 218n.54; the "small
expropriation: in accumulation of
things" in, 52; utility principle in
wealth, 254-55; of Church property,
French philosophy, 306
66-61, 252; modern age starting
Franklin, Benjamin, 144, 159
with expropriation of the poor, 61,
freedom: in Aristotle's bios politikos, 12-
66; of the peasantry, 251; socializa-
13, 12n.4; as condition of thought,
tion of man carried through by
324; courage as required for, 187;
means of, 72; and theory of private
die despot's life as unfree, 13, 13n.7,
property, 109; and world alienation
32n.22; as entangling people in web
coinciding, 253
of relationships, 233-34; the house-
334
Index
hold as lacking, 32; in lying,
Euclidean geometries, 285; and Pla-
129n,78; menial servants producing
tonic ideas^ 142n, 266
their masters', 87; and necessity, 70,
genre, 189
71; necessity in defining, 121; old
German idealism, 272
freedoms abolished in Roman Em-
Germany, postwar economic miracle of,
pire, 28n, 13On.81; the polis as the
252-53, 253n
sphere of, 30-31; public realm asso-
Gini, Corrado, 127n
ciated with, 73; sovereignty identi-
glory, 77
fied with, 234-35; as supplanting ne-
God: in Augustine's anthropology, lOn;
cessity for Marx, 104;
creation of Man, 8, 8n; Dien trotn-
unpredictability as price of, 244
peur of Cartesian doubt, 277, 281;
free labor: in antiquity and the Middle
doubt about goodness of, 281-82;
Ages, 66n.7O; as segregated from the
equality before, 215; modern age as
community, 72-73; slaves' emancipa-
turning away from heavenly, 2; and
tion contrasted with that of, 217. See
nature as watchmaker and watch,
also working class
297; as Platonic idea of man, 11; the-
free time, 133
odicies, 281,282
Friedmann, Georges, 127n, I41n.6,
gods: Homeric, 18, 23n.l; household
145n, 149n.l2"
gods, 30; in polytheism, 202,
Fritz, Kurt von, 143n
234-35; underworld deities, 30n.l9
fiingibiles, 69
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 5 In.43
Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis:
good, the: and the beautiful, 226n.65;
on demands on ancient citizens,
common good, 35, 55; life as the
65n.68; on Greek and Latin words
highest good, 313-20; and Plato's
for rulership, 32n.22; on Greek law
ideas, 225-26
on buildings touching, 63n.63;
good deeds, 76, 240
on Greek law on sharing harvest,
good fortune, 108, 193
3On.l7; on the household and the
good life, Aristotle on the, 36—37
city, 24n.6; on paternal power in Ath-
goodness: as arising with Christianity,
ens, 29n.l6; on political activity in
73-74; as destructive of public
the ancient city, 14n.lO; on property
realm. 77; of God, 281-82; Jesus on,
in ancient world, 6In; on the Roman
74-75; love of wisdom and love of,
plebs, 62n.59; on underworld deities,
75-76
3 On. 19
good works, 76
futility, 73, 121, 135, 173, 197
Gospels, 318
government. See state, the
greatest happiness principle, 133,
Galiani, Abbey, 163n.31
308-9,311
Galileo: on Aristarchus and Coperni-
greatness: in Aristotle's theory of
cus, 274n; Cartesian doubt as re-
drama, 2O5n.33; as criterion of ac-
sponse to, 260-61, 274, 287; in cre-
tion, 205; for mortals, 19; who one
ation of modern science, 248, 249,
is as source of, 211
249n, 257-64; and Descartes, 273; as
Greece: the agora, 160; art in, 156-57;
disciple of Archimedes, 259; on fall-
craftsmen in, 80, 82; desire for im-
ing bodies, 258, 295; relativism of,
mortality in, 232; Eleusinian Myster-
264; on secondary qualities,
ies, 63n.61; estimation of wealth and
114n.63; two methods deriving
culture in, 59, 59n.54; frugality in
from, 312
classical, 132n.84; Homeric gods,
Gehlen, Arnold, 177n.l
18, 23n.l; legislation as not political
Genelli, R. P., 149n.l2, 213n.47
activity in, 63, 194-95, 195n.21,
Genesis, 8, 8n, 107n, 139n
196; slaves in, 36n.3O, 59n.54;
genius, 210-11
Sparta, 32n.23; Thebes, 26n,9. See
geometry: algebraic treatment of, 265;
also Athens; polis, the
analytical geometry, 266-67; non-
Greek tragedy, 187, 187n.l2
335
Index
Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, 80n.3,
self, 249n; on rationality, 172, 283;
81n.5
subjectivism of, 272; on vainglory,
growing old. 5 In.43
56-57; on will to power, 203
growth. 97-98
hobbies, 118, 118n.65, 128, 128n.76
guilds, 123, 159n.26
holidays, 132n.85
Homer: Achilles of, 25; on craftsman-
Halbwachs, M.,212n.44
ship, 83; Democritus on, 170n; on
Haleyy, Elie, 308n.72, 31 ln.74
heroes, 186, 186n; heroes of con-
happiness: as absence of pain, 112-15,
cerned to be the best, 41 n; as immor-
113n.61; Bentham on, 309; eudai-
talizing the Trojan War, 197; on
monia contrasted with, 192-93;
kingship, 22In.57; on leader's role,
greatest happiness principle, 133,
189; on necessity in labor, 13 In.83;
308-9, 311; universal demand for in
Plato's Cave parable inverting world
modern age, 134
order of, 292; andpmgmata, 19n.l9;
Hearth, the, 62n.6O
religion of, 25n.6; on slaves losing ex-
Hebrew legal code, 315
cellence, 49n
hedonism,~5ln.43, 112-13, 309-11
Homeric gods, 18, 23n.l
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich,
bomofaber; acting and speaking men re-
86n.l4, 254n, 293,294, 300
quiring help of, 173; on action and
Heisenberg, Werner, 153n, 261,
speech as idleness, 208; animal la-
26In. 16, 286n.5O
borans contrasted with, 136; Bergson
heliocentric system, 258-60, 273
on, 3O5n; defeat of, 305-13; etymol-
Henry, Francois, 316n
ogy of, 136n; exchange market as
Heraclkus: on human/animal distinc-
public realm of, 160, 162, 209-10;
tion, 19; on nomos, 63n.62; on not en-
excluded from public realm in antiq-
tering the same river twice, 137; on
uity, 159; fabrication as reification,
oracles, 182; on strife as father of all
139-44; Greek mistrust of, 82;
things, 158n; on those dreaming hav-
hands as primordial tools of, 144;
ing their own world, 199n.29
ideals of, 126; instruments of work
Hercules, 101
and, 153—59; intellectual worker and,
Herodotus, 18, 18n, 32n.22, 120
91; as lord and master, 139, 144;
heroic deeds, 101
means and ends as characteristic of,
hero of a story, 184-87, 186n, 194
145, 157, 305; mentality of, 305-6;
Hesiod: on deeds of gods and men,
as merchant and trader, 163; modern
2 3 n.l; on founding new cities away
age seeing man as, 228, 229-30, 305;
from the sea, 132n.84; on labor,
nature for, 135, 155; and process,
48n.39, 82, 82n, 83n.8; on life of
307, 308; redemption of, 236; rever-
hearth and household, 25n.6
sal within vita activa and victory of,
Hestia, 2Sn.6
294-304; single-minded work orien-
highest good, life as the, 313-20
tation of, 151; solitary worker as not,
history: action as creating the condition
22; and the space of appearance,
for, 9; fatality as mark of, 246; histo-
207—12; in telescope's invention,
rian knowing the event better than
274; thought as inspiration of, 171;
the actors, 192; law of large numbers
tools made by, 121; utilitarianism as
applied to, 42; Marx as Darwin of,
philosophy of, 154-55. See also
116; Marx on violence in, 228; politi-
craftsmen
cal nature of, 185; science as, 296;
honor, 73
as story of events not forces, 252; as
horoi, 30
story without authors, 184-85; as
household: Aquinas contrasting with
system of process, 232; Vico on,
the polis, 27; despotic power of head
298, 298n
of, 27-28, 32; distinctive trait of, 30,
Hobbes, Thomas: acquisitive society
45; freedom not existing in, 32; gods
of, 31; making introduced to politi-
of, 30; inequality in, 32; monarchical
cal philosophy by, 299, 300; on politi-
rule in ancient, 40; the polis as op-
cal philosophy as starting with him-
posed to, 24, 24n.6, 28-37; the polis
336
Index
compared with by Plato, 37, 223,
for deeds, 197; striving for as vanity.
223n.62; as realm of birth and death,
56
62-63
individualism, 194
hubris, 191, 202
industrial revolution, 121, 124,
human affairs: abstention from, 234;
132n.85, 148, 148n.9
the Aristotelian biospolitikos, 13, 25;
industry: in ancient world, 65n.69,
as consisting of web of relationships,
148n.9. See also manufacturing
183-84; thefrailty of, 188-92, 222,
initiative, 177, 189-90
230, 232; law of mortality in, 246;
instruments of work, 118-23; and ani-
limitations and boundaries in, 191;
mal laborans, 144-53; and homo faber,
natality as miracle that saves realm
153-59. See also machines; tools
of, 247; Plato on, I9n.l9, 25, 185;
integrity, abstention from human affairs
power in, 204; resiliency of, 232-33;
for safeguarding, 234
Socrates on oracles as used for,
intellectuals, 5,92, 211-12
182n.7. See also politics
intellectual work, 90-93
human condition, 7-21; the earth as
intelligence, 171, 172, 305, 3O5n
quintessence of, 2; human nature dis-
interests, 182, 183n
tinguished from, 10-11; industrial
interferometer, 295
revolution as not changing, 121; life
intimacy: architecture and the intimate,
as a burden, 119; mankind as always
39; in commercial society, 210; as
conditioned, 9; and objectivity of the
flight into inner subjectivity, 69; pri-
world as supplementary, 9; vita activa
vate realm as sphere of, 38—39, 45,
and the, 7-11
70
human material, 188, 188n.l4
introspection: certainty' as yielded by,
human nature: Augustine on, 10, lOn;
280, 300; confidence in, 298; as de-
Bentham assuming a common, 309;
riving from Galileo, 312; in Des-
in the common world, 57-58; a deity
cartes, 280, 282; elevation of, 307;
in definitions of, 11; as depraved,
and loss of common sense, 280-84;
310; human condition distinguished
and philosophical suspicion of the
from, 10—11; in Marx's ideal society,
world, 293; and process, 116
89n.21
"invisible hand" doctrine, 42n, 44,
human relationships. See web of rela-
48n.38, 185
tionships
Hume, David, 86n.l4, 172, 309, 312
Jaeger, Werner. 226n.66
Hungarian Revolution of 1956, 215,
Jaspers, Karl, 249n, 272n.27
217, 219
Jesus of Nazareth: on action as miracle-
Hybrias, 36n.31
working faculty of man, 246-47,
hypothesis, 278, 287
247n; action in preaching of, 318; on
creation of men and women, 8n; on
idealism, German, 272
forgiveness. 238-41, 239nn. 76, 77,
ideas, Platonic: and Cave parable,
240n.80, 247; on goodness, 74-75
226n.66; excellence as judged by,
173; fabrication influencing, 142—
Kafka, Franz, 248,322
43, 142n, 225-26, 302-4; and geome-
Kant, Immanuel: on human beings as
try, 142n, 266
ends in themselves, 155-56; on mak-
identity, personal, 179, 193
ing nature, 296; political activity as
images, mental, 141, 161, 173
legislation for, 63; on prescribing
imagination, 99n.36, 310
laws to nature, 286; Protagoras as
imitation, 187-88, 187n.l2
forerunner of, 158; on radical evil,
immortality: defined, 18; versus eter-
241; on science and philosophy, 294;
nity, 17-21; Greek desire to be wor-
as scientist and philosopher, 272; on
thy of, 232; of life for Christianity,
tragedy as hallmark of human exis-
314—16; mortal men contrasted with
tence, 23 5n.7 5
immortal gods, 18-19; of a people
Kautsky, Karl, 104n.48
for the Jews, 315; the polls achieving
Kepler, Johannes, 258, 260
331
Index
Kierkegaard, Soren, 275, 275n.32, 293,
labor movement, 212-20
313n, 319
labor power: in cycle of biological life,
kingship, monarchy contrasted with,
99, 143; in division of labor, 123;
221n.57
emancipation of, 255; fertility of,
Kronstadt rebellion, 216n
118; laborers as owners of, 162;
Marx on, 70, 88, 108, 111; as never
labor, 79-135; admission to public
being lost, 133; skill contrasted with,
realm, 46-48, 218; in Aristotle's bios
90; as spent in consuming, 131
politikos, 12, 13; automation as liber-
labor songs, 145n
ating mankind from, 4; the blessing
Lacroix, Jean, 141 n
of, 106-8; Christianity on, 316-18,
landed wealth, 66
316n; collective nature of, 213,
Landshut, Siegfried, 45n
213n.47; and consumption, 99, 100,
Lares, 62n.6O
102, 126; contempt for in ancient
Last Judgment, 239
world, 81—85; defined, 7; elevation
laws: Hebrew legal code, 315; legisla-
of, 306-7, 313; elimination of, 322;
tion, 63, 194-95, 196; as limitations,
emancipation of, 126-35; end of,
191, 19In; making, 188; Marx on
98, 143, 144; European words for,
economic, 209; Montesquieu on,
48n.39; and fertility, 101-9, 117; in
190n; nomos, 15, 63n.62; of the polis,
giving birth, 30; of Hercules, 101;
63-64, 63n.62, 194-95; of science,
joys of, 140; and life, 96-101, 120;
263
living without, 176; in Locke's the-
laziness, 82n
ory of property, 70, 101, 105, 110-
leaders, 189-90
12', 110n.56, 115-16; loneliness of
learned societies, 278
the laborer, 212-14, 212n.44; man-
Leclercq, Jacques, 107n, 12