p. 233: I use here mainly Meng Ssu-liang, but also others, such as Chü Ch'ing-yüan and Li Chien-nung.—The
early political developments are described by H.D. Martin, The Rise of Chingis Khan and his Conquest of
North China, Baltimore 1950.
p. 236: I am aluding here to such Taoist sects as the Cheng-i-chiao (Sun K'o-k'uan and especialy the study in
Kita Aziya gakuh[=o], vol. 2).
pp. 236-7: For taxation and al other economic questions I have relied upon Wan Kuo-ting and especialy upon
H. Franke. The first part of the main economic text is translated and annotated by H.F. Schurmann, Economic Structure of the Yüan Dynasty, Cambridge, Mass., 1956.
p. 237: On migrations see T. Makino and others.—For the system of communications during the Mongol time
and the privileges of merchants, I used P. Olbricht.
p. 238: For the popular rebelions of this time, I used a study in the Bull. Acad. Sinica, vol. 10, 1948, but also Meng Ssu-liang and others.
p. 239: On the White Lotus Society (Pai-lien-hui) see note to previous page and an article by Hagiwara Jumpei.
p. 240: H. Serruys, The Mongols in China during the Hung-wu Period, Bruges 1959, has studied in this book and in an article the fate of isolated Mongol groups in China after the breakdown of the dynasty.
pp. 241-2: The travel report of Ch'ang-ch'un has been translated by A. Waley, The Travels of an Alchemist, London 1931.
p. 242: Hsi-hsiang-chi has been translated by S.I. Hsiung. The Romance of the Western Chamber, London 1935. Al important analytic literature on drama and theatre is written by Chinese and Japanese authors,
especialy by Yoshikawa Kôjirô.—For Bon and early Lamaism, I used H. Hoffmann.
p. 243: Lamaism in Mongolia disappeared later, however, and was reintroduced in the reformed form (Tsong-
kha-pa, 1358-1419) in the sixteenth century. See R.J. Miler, Monasteries and Culture Change in Inner
Mongolia, Wiesbaden 1959.
p. 245: Much more research is necessary to clarify Japanese-Chinese relations in this period, especialy to
determine the size of trade. Good material is in the article by S. Iwao. Important is also S. Sakuma and an article in Li-shih yen-chiu 1955, No. 3. For the loss of coins, I relied upon D. Brown.
p. 246: The necessity of transports of grain and salt was one of the reasons for the emergence of the Hsin-an and Hui-chou merchants. The importance of these developments is only partialy known (studies mainly by H. Fuji
and in Li-shih-yen-chiu 1955, No. 3). Data are also in an unpublished thesis by Ch. Mac Sherry, The Impairment of the Ming Tributary System, and in an article by Wang Ch'ung-wu.
p. 247: The tax system of the Ming has been studied among others by Liang Fang-chung. Yoshiyuki Suto
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analysed the methods of tax evasion in the periods before the reform. For the land grants, I used Wan Kuo-ting's data.
p. 248: Based mainly upon my own research. On the progress of agriculture wrote Li Chien-nung and also
Kat[=o] Shigeru and others.
p. 250: I believe that further research would discover that the "agrarian revolution" was a key factor in the economic and social development of China. It probably led to another change in dietary habits; it certainly led to a greater labour input per person, i.e. a higher number of ful working days per year than before. It may be—but only further research can try to show this—that the "agrarian revolution" turned China away from technology and industry.—On cotton and its importance see the studies by M. Amano, and some preliminary remarks by P.
Peliot.
pp. 250-1: Detailed study of Central Chinese urban centres in this time is a great desideratum. My remarks here have to be taken as very preliminary. Notice the special character of the industries mentioned!—The porcelain
centre of Ching-tê-chen was inhabited by workers and merchants (70-80 per cent of population); there were
more than 200 private kilns.—On indented labour see Li Chien-nung, H. Iwami and Y. Yamane.
p. 253: On pien-wen I used R. Michihata, and for this general discussion R. Irvin, The Evolution of a Chinese Novel, Cambridge, Mass., 1953, and studies by J. Jaworski and J. Pru[vs]ek. Many texts of pien-wen and related styles have been found in Tunhuang and have been recently republished by Chinese scholars.
p. 254: Shui-hu-chuan has been translated by Pearl Buck, All Men are Brothers. Parts of Hsi-yu-chi have been translated by A. Waley, Monkey, London 1946. San-kuo yen-i is translated by C.H. Brewitt-Taylor, San Kuo, or Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shanghai 1925 (a new edition just published). A purged translation of Chin-p'ing-mei is published by Fr. Kuhn Chin P'ing Mei, New York 1940.
p. 255: Even the "murder story" was already known in Ming time. An example is R.H. van Gulik, Dee Gong An.
Three Murder Cases solved by Judge Dee, Tokyo 1949.
p. 256: For a special group of block-prints see R.H. van Gulik, Erotic Colour Prints of the Ming Dynasty, Tokyo 1951. This book is also an excelent introduction into Chinese psychology.
p. 257: Here I use work done by David Chan.
p. 258: I use here the research of J.J.L. Duyvendak; the reasons for the end of such enterprises, as given here, may not exhaust the problem. It may not be without relevance that Cheng came from a Muslim family. His father
was a pilgrim ( Bull. Chin. Studies, vol. 3, pp. 131-70). Further research is desirable.—Concerning folk-tales, I use my own research. The main Buddhist tales are the Jataka stories. They are stil used by Burmese Buddhists in the same context.
p. 260: The Oirat (Uyrat, Ojrot, Ölöt) were a confederation of four tribal groups: Khosud, Dzungar, Dörbet and Turgut.
p. 261: I regard this analysis of Ming political history as unsatisfactory, but to my knowledge no large-scale analysis has been made.—For Wang Yang-ming I use mainly my own research.
p. 262: For the coastal salt-merchants I used Lo Hsiang-lin's work.
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p. 263: On the rifles I used P. Peliot. There is a large literature on the use of explosives and the invention of cannons, especialy L.C. Goodrich and Feng Chia-sheng in Isis, vol. 36, 1946 and 39, 1948; also G. Sarton, Li Ch'iao-p'ing, J. Pru[vs]ek, J. Needham, and M. Ishida; a comparative, general study is by K. Huuri, Studia Orientalia vol. 9, 1941.—For the earliest contacts of Wang with Portuguese, I used Chang Wei-hua's
monograph.—While there is no satisfactory, comprehensive study in English on Wang, for Lu Hsiang-shan the
book by Huang Siu-ch'i, Lu Hsiang-shan, a Twelfth-century Chinese Idealist Philosopher, New Haven
1944, can be used.
p. 264: For Tao-yen, I used work done by David Chan.—Large parts of the Yung-lo ta-tien are now lost (Kuo Po-kung, Yüan T'ung-li studied this problem).
p. 265: Yen-ta's Mongol name is Altan Qan (died 1582), leader of the Tümet. He is also responsible for the re-
introduction of Lamaism into Mongolia (1574).—For the border trade I used Hou Jen-chih; for the Shansi
bankers Ch'en Ch'i-t'ien and P. Maybon. For the beginnings of the Manchu see Fr. Michael, The Origins of
Manchu Rule in China, Baltimore 1942.
p. 266: M. Ricci's diary (Matthew Ricci, China in the Sixteenth Century. The Journals of M. Ricci, transl. by L.J. Galagher, New York 1953) gives much insight into the life of Chinese officials in this period. Recently, J.
Needham has tried to show that Ricci and his folowers did not bring much which was not already known in
China, but that they actualy attempted to prevent the Chinese from learning about the Copernican theory.
p. 267: For Coxinga I used M. Eder's study.—The Szechwan rebelion was led by Chang Hsien-chung (1606-
1647); I used work done by James B. Parsons. Cheng T'ien-t'ing, Sun Yueh and others have recently published
the important documents concerning al late Ming peasant rebelions.—For the Tung-lin academy see Ch. O.
Hucker in J.K. Fairbank, Chinese Thought and Institutions, Chicago 1957. A different interpretation is indicated by Shang Yüeh in Li-shih yen-chiu 1955, No. 3.
p. 268: Work on the "academies" (shu-yüan) in the earlier time is done by Ho Yu-shen.
pp. 273-4: Based upon my own, as yet unfinished research.
p. 274: The population of 1953 as given here, includes Chinese outside of mainland China. The population of
mainland China was 582.6 milions. If the rate of increase of about 2 per cent per year has remained the same,
the population of mainland China in 1960 may be close to 680 milion. In general see P.T. Ho. Studies on the Population of China, 1368-1953, Cambridge, Mass., 1960.
p. 276: Based upon my own research.—A different view of the development of Chinese industry is found in
Norman Jacobs, Modern Capitalism and Eastern Asia, Hong Kong 1958. Jacobs attempted a comparison of
China with Japan and with Europe. Different again is Marion Levy and Shih Kuo-heng, The Rise of the Modern Chinese Business Class, New York 1949. Both books are influenced by the sociological theories of T.
Parsons.
p. 277: The Dzungars (Dsunghar; Chun-ko-erh) are one of the four Ölöt (Oirat) groups. I am here using studies
by E. Haenisch and W. Fuchs.
p. 278: Tibetan-Chinese relations have been studied by L. Petech, China and Tibet in the Early 18th Century, Leiden 1950. A colection of data is found in M.W. Fisher and L.E. Rose, England, India, Nepal, Tibet,
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China, 1765-1958, Berkeley 1959. For diplomatic relations and tributary systems of this period, I referred to J.K. Fairbank and Teng Ssu-yü.
p. 279: For Ku Yen-wu, I used the work by H. Wilhelm.—A man who deserves special mention in this period is
the scholar Huang Tsung-hsi (1610-1695) as the first Chinese who discussed the possibility of a non-monarchic
form of government in his treatise of 1662. For him see Lin Mou-sheng, Men and Ideas, New York 1942, and especialy W.T. de Bary in J.K. Fairbank, Chinese Thought and Institutions, Chicago 1957.
pp. 280-1: On Liang see now J.R. Levenson, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and the Mind of Modern China, London
1959.
p. 282: It should also be pointed out that the Yung-cheng emperor was personaly more inclined towards
Lamaism.—The Kalmuks are largely identical with the above-mentioned Ölöt.
p. 286: The existence of hong is known since 1686, see P'eng Tse-i and Wang Chu-an's recent studies. For details on foreign trade see H.B. Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China 1635-1834, Oxford 1926, 4 vols., and J.K. Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast. The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854, Cambridge, Mass., 1953, 2 vols.—For Lin I used G.W. Overdijkink's study.
p. 287: On customs read St. F. Wright, Hart and the Chinese Customs, Belfast 1950.
p. 288: For early industry see A. Feuerwerker, China's Early Industrialization: Sheng Hsuan-huai (1844-
1916), Cambridge, Mass., 1958.
p. 289: The Chinese source materials for the Mohammedan revolts have recently been published, but an analysis
of the importance of the revolts stil remains to be done.—On T'ai-p'ing much has been published, especialy in
the last years in China, so that al documents are now available. I used among other studies, details brought out by Lo Hsiang-lin and Jen Yu-wen.
p. 291: For Tsêng Kuo-fan see W.J. Hail, Tsêng Kuo-fan and the T'ai-p'ing Rebellion, New Haven 1927, but new research on him is about to be published.—The Nien-fei had some connection with the White Lotus, and
were known since 1814, see Chiang Siang-tseh, The Nien Rebellion, Seattle 1954.
p. 292: Little is known about Salars, Dungans and Yakub Beg's rebelion, mainly because relevant Turkish
sources have not yet been studied. On Salars see L. Schram, The Monguors of Kansu, Philadelphia 1954, p.
23 and P. Peliot; on Dungans see I. Grebe.
p. 293: On Tso Tsung-t'ang see G. Ch'en, Tso Tung T'ang, Pioneer Promotor of the Modern Dockyard and
Woollen Mill in China, Peking 1938, and Yenching Journal of Soc. Studies, vol. I.
p. 294: For the T'ung-chih period, see now Mary C. Wright, The Last Stand of Chinese Conservativism. The
T'ung-chih Restoration, 1862-1874, Stanford 1957.
p. 295: Ryukyu is Chinese: Liu-ch'iu; Okinawa is one of the islands of this group.—Formosa is Chinese: T'ai-
wan (Taiwan). Korea is Chinese: Chao-hsien, Japanese: Chôsen.
p. 297: M.C. Wright has shown the advisers around the ruler before the Empress Dowager realized the severity
of the situation.—Much research is under way to study the beginning of industrialization of Japan, and my
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opinions have changed greatly, due to the research done by Japanese scholars and such Western scholars as H.
Rosovsky and Th. Smith. The eminent role of the lower aristocracy has been established. Similar research for
China has not even seriously started. My remarks are entirely preliminary.
p. 298: For K'ang Yo-wei, I use work done by O. Franke and others. See M.E. Cameron, The Reform
Movement in China, 1898-1921, Stanford 1921. The best bibliography for this period is J.K. Fairbank and Liu Kwang-ching, Modern China: A Bibliographical Guide to Chinese Works, 1898-1937, Cambridge, Mass.,
1950. The political history of the time, as seen by a Chinese scholar, is found in Li Chien-nung, The Political History of China 1840-1928, Princeton 1956.—For the social history of this period see Chang Chung-li, The Chinese Gentry, Seattle 1955.—For the history of Tz[)u] Hsi Bland-Backhouse, China under the Empress Dowager, Peking 1939 (Third ed.) is antiquated, but stil used. For some of K'ang Yo-wei's ideas, see now K'ang Yo-wei: Ta T'ung Shu. The One World Philosophy of K'ang Yu Wei, London 1957.