p. 195: Many Chinese and Japanese authors have a new period begin with the early (Ch'ien Mu) or the late tenth century (T'ao Hsi-sheng, Li Chien-nung), while others prefer a cut already in the Middle of the T'ang Dynasty
(Teng Ch'u-min, Naito Torajiro). For many Marxists, the period which we caled "Modern Times" is at best a sub-period within a larger period which realy started with what we caled "Medieval China".
p. 196: For the change in the composition of the gentry, I am using my own research.—For clan rules, clan
foundations, etc., I used D.C. Twitchett, J. Fischer, Hu Hsien-chin, Ch'ü T'ung-tsu, Nida Noboru and T.
Makino. The best analysis of the clan rules is by Wang Hui-chen in D.S. Nivison, Confucianism in Action, Stanford 1959, p. 63-96.—I do not regard such marriage systems as "survivals" of ancient systems which have been studied by M. Granet and systematicaly analysed by C. Lévy-Strauss in his Les structures élémentaires de la parenté, Paris 1949, pp. 381-443. In some cases, the reasons for the establishment of such rules can stil be recognized.—A detailed study of despotism in China stil has to be written. K.A. Wittfogel's Oriental
Despotism, New Haven 1957 does not go into the necessary detailed work.
p. 197: The problem of social mobility is now under study, after preliminary research by K.A. Wittfogel, E.
Kracke, myself and others. E. Kracke, Ho Ping-ti, R.M. Marsh and I are now working on this topic.—For the
craftsmen and artisans, much material has recently been colected by Chinese scholars. I have used mainly Li
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Chien-nung and articles in Li-shih yen-chiu 1955, No. 3 and in Mem. Inst. Orient. Cult. 1956.—On the origin of guilds see Kat[=o] Shigeru; a general study of guilds and their function has not yet been made (preliminary work by P. Maybon, H.B. Morse, J. St. Burgess, K.A. Wittfogel and others). Comparisons with Near-Eastern
guilds on the one hand and with Japanese guilds on the other, are quite interesting but paralels should not be over-estimated. The tong of U.S. Chinatowns ( tang in Mandarin) are late and organizations of businessmen only (S. Yokoyama and Laai Yi-faai). They are not the same as the hui-kuan.
p. 198: For the merchants I used Ch'ü T'ung-tsu, Sung Hsi and Wada Kiyoshi.—For trade, I used extensively
Ch'üan Han-sheng and J. Kuwabara.—On labour legislation in early modern times I used Ko Ch'ang-chi and
especialy Li Chien-nung, also my own studies.—On strikes I used Kat[=o] Shigeru and modern Chinese
authors.—The problem of "vagrants" has been taken up by Li Chien-nung who always refers to the original sources and to modern Chinese research.—The growth of cities, perhaps the most striking event in this period,
has been studied for the earlier part of our period by Kat[=o] Shigeru. Li Chien-nung also deals extensively with investments in industry and agriculture. The problem as to whether China would have developed into an industrial society without outside stimulus is much discussed by Marxist authors in China.
p. 199: On money policy see Yang Lien-sheng, Kat[=o] Shigeru and others.
p. 200: The history of one of the Southern Dynasties has been translated by Ed. H. Schafer, The Empire of
Min, Tokyo 1954; Schafer's annotations provide much detail for the cultural and economic conditions of the coastal area.—For tea and its history, I use my own research; for tea trade a study by K. Kawakami and an
article in the Frontier Studies, vol. 3, 1943.—Salt consumption according to H.T. Fei, Earthbound China, 1945, p. 163.
p. 201: For salt I used largely my own research. For porcelain production Li Chien-nung and other modern
articles.—On paper, the classical study is Th. F. Carter, The Invention of Printing in China, New York 1925
(a revised edition now published by L.C. Goodrich).
p. 202: For paper money in the early period, see Yang Lien-sheng, Money and Credit in China, Cambridge, Mass., 1952. Although the origin of paper money seems to be wel established, it is interesting to note that
already in the third century A.D. money made of paper was produced and was burned during funeral ceremonies
to serve as financial help for the dead. This money was, however, in the form of coins.—On iron money see
Yang Lien-sheng; I also used an article in Tung-fang tsa-chih, vol. 35, No. 10.
p. 203: For the Kitan (Chines: Ch'i-tan) and their history see K.A. Wittfogel and Feng Chia-sheng, History of Chinese Society. Liao, Philadelphia 1949.
p. 204: For these dynasties, I rely upon my own research.—Nida Noboru and Kat[=o] Shigeru have studied
adoption laws; our specific case has in addition been studied by M. Kurihara. This system of adoptions is non-
Chinese and has its paralels among Turkish tribes (A. Kolantz, Abdulkadir Inan, Osman Turan).
p. 207: For the persecution I used K. Tamai and my own research.
p. 211: This is based mainly upon my own research.—The remark on tax income is from Ch'üan Han-sheng.
p. 212: Fan Chung-yen has been studied recently by J. Fischer and D. Twitchett, but these notes on price
policies are based upon my own work.—I regard the statement, that it was the gentry which prevented the
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growth of an industrial society—a statement which has often been made before—as preliminary, and believe that
further research, especialy in the growth of cities and urban institutions may lead to quite different explanations.
—On estate management I relied on Y. Sudô's work.
p. 213: Research on place names such as mentioned here, has not yet been systematicaly done.—On i-chuang
I relied upon the work by T. Makino and D. Twitchett.—This process of tax-evasion has been used by K.A.
Wittfogel (1938) to construct a theory of a crisis cycle in China. I do not think that such far-reaching conclusions are warranted.
p. 214: This "law" was developed on the basis of Chinese materials from different periods as wel as on materials from other parts of Asia.—In the study of tenancy, cases should be studied in which wealthier farmers rent
additional land which gets cultivated by farm labourers. Such cases are wel known from recent periods, but have not yet been studied in earlier periods. At the same time, the problem of farm labourers should be investigated.
Such people were common in the Sung time. Research along these lines could further clarify the importance of
the so-caled "guest families" ( k'o-hu) which were aluded to in these pages. They constituted often one third of the total population in the Sung period. The problem of migration and mobility might also be clarified by studying the k'o-hu.
p. 215: For Wang An-shih, the most comprehensive work is stil H. Wiliamson's Wang An-shih, London 1935, 3 vol., but this work in no way exhausts the problems. We have so much personal data on Wang that a
psychological study could be attempted; and we have since Wiliamson's time much deeper insight into the
reforms and theories of Wang. I used, in addition to Wiliamson, O. Franke, and my own research.
p. 216: Based mainly upon Ch'ü T'ung-tsu.—For the social legislation see Hsü I-t'ang; for economic problems I
used Ch'üan Han-sheng, Ts'en Chung-mien and Liu Ming-shu.—Most of these relief measures had their
precursors in the T'ang period.
p. 217: It is interesting to note that later Buddhism gave up its "social gospel" in China. Buddhist circles in Asian countries at the present time attempt to revive this attitude.
p. 218: For slaughtering I used A. Hulsewé; for greeting R. Michihata; on law Ch'ü T'ung-tsu; on philosophy I
adapted ideas from Chan Wing-sit.
p. 219: A comprehensive study of Chu Hsi is a great desideratum. Thus far, we have in English mainly the essays by Feng Yu-lan (transl. and annotated by D. Bodde) in the Harvard Journal of Asiat. Stud., vol. 7, 1942. T.
Makino emphasized Chu's influence upon the Far East, J. Needham his interest in science.
p. 220: For Su Tung-p'o as general introduction see Lin Yutang, The Gay Genius. The Life and Times of Su
Tung-p'o, New York 1947.—For painting, I am using concepts of A. Soper here.
p. 222: For this period the standard work is K.A. Wittfogel and Feng Chia-sheng, History of Chinese Society, Liao, Philadelphia 1949.—Po-hai had been in tributary relations with the dynasties of North China before its defeat, and resumed these from 932 on; there were even relations with one of the South Chinese states; in the
same way, Kao-li continuously played one state against the other (M. Rogers et al.).
p. 223: On the Kara-Kitai see Appendix to Wittfogel-Feng.
p. 228: For the Hakka, I relied mainly upon Lo Hsiang-lin; for Chia Ssu-tao upon H. Franke.
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p. 229: The Juchên (Jurchen) are also caled Nü-chih and Nü-chen, but Juchên seems to be correct ( Studia
Serica, vol. 3, No. 2).