B-3
Appendix B
AN/TSQ-221 TACTICAL AIRSPACE INTEGRATION SYSTEM
B-7. The AN/TSQ-221 (figure B-5) is a digital and analog system for A2C2 planning, operations, and ATS area support. It provides automation assistance to the full range of airspace planning, enhances airspace management operations (real-time), and ensures connectivity between all ATS assets and airspace users in theater. Current fielding initiatives will replace the HMMWV configuration with an armored FMTV.
Figure B-5. AN/TSQ-221 TAIS
B-8. TAIS is the direct link to tactical aviation ground support (TAGS) through interface with the JFACC’s automated airspace planning and communications system. It integrates with ABCS, with direct connectivity to battlefield automated systems. It also has enhanced operability with joint, multinational, and civil C4I systems.
B-9. TAIS is a mobile system with four workstations. Communications include VHF, UHF, HF, UHF
SATCOM, EPLRS, GPS, MSE/DNVT (FAX), improved data modem (+), and secure telephone unit III (phone). It maximizes synchronization of battlefield airspace supporting force operations and minimizing fratricide. Major capabilities include—
z
Full integration and total synchronization of all airspace operations in the tactical commander's AO.
z
Prioritized course of actions (COAs) for immediate resolution of operational airspace conflicts according to the commander's priority of airspace usage.
z
Maximized opportunities for continuous operations, thereby increasing the commander's flexibility and offensive capability.
z
Transparent airspace management planning and operations.
z
Reduction of staff workloads and planning time.
B-10. TAIS fully integrates airspace planning methods and procedures through interface with ABCS and TAGS. Projected battle and airspace usage plans are input digitally or manually. The system correlates all information and identifies airspace usage conflicts automatically by means of preset priorities or command decision. It displays a proposed ACP with control measure graphics (in two- or three-dimension, as selected by the operator), and in the time dimension. It also produces required A2C2 orders, annexes, and overlays. It provides the capability of monitoring ACP execution over time; identifies (with alarms) and proposes resolution of actual or imminent airspace user conflict in near real-time; accepts and deconflicts real-time airspace usage changes; and automatically modifies and distributes a revised ACP (or individually modified ACMs) to update battlefield visualization.
B-4
FM 3-04.120
16 February 2007
Air Traffic Control Systems
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
AN/TRN-30 RADIO BEACON SET
B-11. The radio beacon set transmits a homing signal that is detected by automatic direction finder equipment installed in many aircraft for navigation. The radio beacon provides an AM radio frequency signal on any one of 964 channels in frequency ranges of 200 to 535.5 and 1605 to 1750.5, tunable in 500
Hz increments. The radar frequency output is automatically keyed into four-letter Morse code characters either selected by the operator or manually keyed.
AN/TRN-30 (V) 1 Radio Beacon Set
B-12. The Pathfinder operates with both 15-foot (4.6m) and 30-foot (9.1m) antenna configurations and requires 24 volt direct current (DC) power. It also requires a cleared area of 128 feet (diameter) for ground radials and guy lines. Using a 15-foot (4.6m) antenna group, the beacon operates in a frequency range of 1605 to 1750.5 only, and transmits 28 kilometers/15 nautical miles. Operating in a 30-foot antenna configuration, it uses frequency ranges of 200 to 535.5 and 1605 to 1750.5, and transmits 46 kilometers/25
nautical miles.
AN/TRN-30 (V) 2 Radio Beacon Set
B-13. The AN/TRN-30 (V) 2 uses a 60-foot (18.3m) antenna group and requires 28 volt DC power. The two configurations used with this beacon set are tactical and semi-fixed, which require a cleared area of 170 feet (diameter) for guy lines and ground radials. The tactical configuration operates in a frequency range of 200 to 535.5, and transmits 93 kilometers/50 nautical miles. The semi-fixed mode frequency range is 200 to 535.5, and transmits 185 kilometers/100 nautical miles.
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FM 3-04.120
B-5
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Appendix C
Composite Risk Management
The tactical environment provides ever-changing demands and unpredictable
problems, often under stressful conditions. Mission accomplishment requires
continuous leader involvement and flexible decision making. Safety in the tactical environment depends on compliance with established standards. ATS units bring an added measure of safety to aviation operations. Properly used, they can mitigate or reduce many of the risks associated with these operations. Safe mission
accomplishment relies heavily on the complete integration of composite risk
management into the planning and execution phases of operations.
COMPOSITE RISK MANAGEMENT
D-1. Leaders at every echelon are responsible for risk management. As the Army’s principal risk-reduction process, the intuitive management of risk in conducting military training and operations is old, however its’ systematic application, as part of Army doctrine, is relatively new. Therefore, this section presents a summary of how-to information presented in FM 5-0, FM 100-14, and FM 3-100.12.
C-2. The risk management cycle for ATS units at all levels is tied directly to the training and maintenance process. Factors such as type of ratings, numbers of rated controllers, and equipment readiness and availability are assessed and corrections are made during normal garrison operations. Command emphasis at all levels of leadership on maintenance and supply operations eliminates many factors that might create an unacceptable risk during exercises or deployments. This assessment minimizes and mitigates many of the hazards faced during deployment. Leaders must complete the five steps for risk management listed in table C-1.
Table C-1. Steps of risk management
Step 1. Identify hazards
• Make an operational analysis. This is a description of events, in time sequence, expected to occur during the operation.
• Make a preliminary hazard analysis. List the various hazards that could occur and result in accidents. It is developed using experience, the database, and scenario thinking or similar techniques.
• In-depth hazard analysis. Use when time permits or when certain risks require more careful consideration.
Step 2. Assess hazards
• Assess various hazards to determine the relative probability, severity, and potential mission impact.
Step 3. Make decisions and develop controls
• Develop risk control options, starting with the most serious risks.
• Complete a training realism assessment to ensure the suitability of risk controls.
• Make decisions by selecting controls to reduce risk to a practical minimum constant with the mission.
Step 4. Implement controls
• Implementation is best accomplished by integrating the procedures in unit SOPs, orders, and training.
16 February 2007
FM 3-04.120
C-1
Appendix C
Table C-1. Steps of risk management
Step 5. Supervise
• Maintain effectiveness by ensuring risk standards are as effective as expected and kept at high levels.
C-3. The five major areas of risk assessment are fiscal, threat, tactical doctrine, physical security, and safety. Tactical units shall conduct risk assessment before a mission with each tactical facility developing its’ own risk assessment (table C-2 and figure C-1, page C-3).
Table C-2. Sample tactical ATC risk assessment
1. Team Experience
All CTO Rated
All Rated
One Or More
Mixed
Not position
(CTO/ATC
qualified
specialist)
Inexperience– (<3 Months)
3
4
5
Experience– (3 – 6 Months)
2
3
4
Experience– (>6 Months)
1
2
3
2. Allotted Mission Planning Time
8 Hours
4 – 8 Hours
Less 4 Hours
Complex 3
4
5
Routine–New Mission
2
3
4
Routine–Same Mission
1
2
3
3. Traffic Density
Day
Night
NVG
20 + A/C per hour
3
4
5
5 – 19 A/C per hour
2
3
4
Less Than 5 per hour
1
2
3
4. Weather
Category I
Category II/III
Category IV/V
Night IFR
3
4
5
Day IFR
2
3
4
Day/Night VFR
1
2
3
5. Operating Environment
Garrison/EXCL
Tactical AVG
Tactical POOR
Condition
Condition
Condition
TAC/Unsecured 3
4
5
TAC/Secured 2
3
4
Garrison 1
2
3
6. Fighter Mgmt Rest
On Shift 8 Hrs
On Shift 10 Hrs
On Shift 12 Hrs
Less than 8 Hours
––
4
5
8 – 12 Hours
2
3
4
12 – 24 Hours
1
2
3
Note: Team member with the least amount of rest will be used for calculation
7. Cumulative Fighter Mgmt Hr
0 – 2 Weeks
3 – 6 Weeks
More Than 6
Worked In – Days
Over 40 Hr
Over 40 Hr
Weeks Over 40
Hr
50 +
3
4
5
40 – 49
2
3
4
Less Than 40
1
2
3
Notes: As a minimum, numbers 1, 6, and 7 shall be used in all tactical ATS risk assessments.
Instructions: Under the appropriate column, circle only one value for each numbered block. Total all circled values and compare to ATS/ATC risk matrix.
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FM 3-04.120
16 February 2007
Composite Risk Management
Figure C-1. Sample risk matrix
DEFINITIONS
C-4. Table C-3 defines risk management definitions.
Table C-3. Terms and definitions
Term
Definition
Risk
Chance of hazard or adverse consequences; the probability of
exposure to chance of injury or loss from a hazard; risk level is
expressed in terms of hazard probability & severity.
Acceptable Identified risk permitted to persist without further controls.
Residual
Level of risk remaining after hazard controls are selected.
(Controls are identified & selected until risk is at an acceptable
level or it is impractical to reduce further.)
Levels
The levels of risk are:
Probabilities of loss:
Extremely
The loss of ability to accomplish
catastrophic or critical -
high
the mission if hazards occur. (FM
frequent or likely
100-14).
High
The significant degradation of
catastrophic - occasional-to-
mission capabilities & the inability
seldom
to accomplish all parts or complete critical - likely-to-occasional
the mission to standard if hazards
marginal - frequent
occur.
probability
Moderate
The expected degradation of
catastrophic – unlikely
mission capabilities and the
critical – seldom
reduction in mission capability if
marginal - likely or
hazards occur.
occasional
negligible - frequent
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FM 3-04.120
C-3
Appendix C
Table C-3. Terms and definitions
Term
Definition
Risk
Chance of hazard or adverse consequences; the probability of
exposure to chance of injury or loss from a hazard; risk level is
expressed in terms of hazard probability & severity.
Low
Expected losses have little or no
critical- unlikely
impact on completing the mission.
marginal - seldom or unlikely
negligible - likely or less
Risk
The identification & assessment of hazards (first two steps of risk
Assessment
management process).
Risk Decision
The decision to accept the risk associated with an action made by
the commander, leader, or individual responsible for performing
the action.
Conditions
The readiness status of personnel & equipment with respect to the
operational environment during mission planning, preparation, &
execution. Readiness below standard leads to human error,
materiel failure, & inadequate precautions for environmental
factors which may cause accidents, fratricide, & mission
degradation.
Controls
Actions taken to eliminate hazards or reduce their risk.
Hazard
An actual or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or
death of personnel; damage to or loss of equipment or property; or
mission degradation.
Probability
The levels of probability that an event will occur are:
Frequent
Occurs often, continuously
Seldom
Unlikely, but could occur
Likely
experienced.
Unlikely
at some time
Occasional
Occurs several times
Can assume it will not
Occurs sporadically.
occur
Severity
The expected consequence of an event in terms of degree of
injury, property damage, or other mission-impairing factors. These
levels are:
Catastrophic Death or permanent total disability, system loss, major damage, significant property damage, or mission failure.
Critical
Permanent partial disability, temporary total disability exceeding
three months, major system damage, significant property damage,
or significant mission degradation.
Marginal
Minor injury, lost workday accident, minor system damage, minor
property damage, or some mission degradation.
Negligible
First aid or minor medical treatment, minor system impairment, or
little or no impact on mission accomplishment.
Threat
A source of danger (any opposing force, condition, source, or
circumstance) with the potential to negatively impact mission
accomplishment and/or degrade mission capability. Applicable
only in the context of this publication and should not be referenced
outside this FM.
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FM 3-04.120
16 February 2007
Appendix D
Checklists
This appendix provides a reference to information used by aviation units during training or combat. It is not all inclusive, should only be used as a guide, and not supersede unit SOPs.
CHECKLISTS
PREDEPLOYMENT AND PRE-TEMPORARY DUTY CHECKLIST
D-2. Table D-1 provides an example of a pre-deployment/pre-temporary duty checklist.
Table D-1. Example of a pre-deployment/pre-temporary duty checklist
Yes No N/A
Task/Action
Finance
Bills, recurring and nonrecurring.
Bank accounts, checking, savings, loans. Investments & other income
sources.
Safety deposit boxes.
Legal
Power of Attorney as needed (specific, general).
Wills updated.
Living wills updated.
Spouse’s social security number.
Guardianship for children.
SAMP
Insurance policies; life, aut
L
o, home/renters, floater.
Deeds, leases, rentals, real es
E
tate documents, management company.
Marriage or divorce papers.
Birth certificates, adoption papers.
School records.
Naturalization documents.
Vehicle titles and registration.
Taxes.
Necessary court documents.
Personnel Issues
Temporary duty or permanent change of station orders.
Emergency data cards complete.
Identification cards, copy, expiration dates, DEERS enrollment.
Serviceman’s Group Life Insurance.
Passport & Visa documents.
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D-1
Appendix D
Table D-1. Example of a pre-deployment/pre-temporary duty checklist
Yes No N/A
Task/Action
Family care plan.
NEO/Safe haven information.
Personal affairs; funeral & burial instructions.
Household
Vehicle registration, inspection, all stickers & tags.
Crime prevention measures/force protection information.
Maintenance/utilities/list of who to contact for problems & repairs.
Disaster/evacuation plan & survival kit; water, food, clothing, other necessities.
Communication
Community contact information
Local emergency (police, fire, Red Cross, poison control, hospital, TRICARE).
Post Chaplain, Army Community Services, Military Police.
Web sites; www.afcrossroads.com, www.militaryonesource.com, etc.
Unit contact information (includes phone numbers, physical address and e-mail address)
Unit name, division, brigade, battalion, company.
Commander, CSM/1SG, UMT, supervisor.
SAFamilyMP
Readiness Group spouses.
Orderly room, staff duty office
L
r, filed operations division.
Rear detachment commander/OIC & NCOIC.
Temporary duty; dates, location.
E
Personal contact information
Family.
Friends.
Immediate neighbors.
Financial.
Insurances.
Medical
TRICARE enrollment/claim process.
Locations/providers/clinic contact information.
Records; medical, dental, shot.
Pets
Records.
Veterinarian; regular & emergency.
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FM 3-04.120
16 February 2007
Checklists
CONVOY PRECOMBAT INSPECTION CHECKLIST
D-3. Table D-2, page D-3, provides an example of a convoy precombat inspection checklist.
Table D-2. Example of a convoy precombat inspection checklist
Items
Completed
Vehicles
SAMP
Vehicles are inspected at operating temperatures wi
L
th hoods open.
DA Forms 5988E are current with all parts installed.
Vehicle fuel will be topped off.
All basic issue items present & serviceable.
Three days rations per Soldier per vehicle.
E
Five-gallon water cans topped off.
Water buffalo are sanitized and topped off.
All supply trucks are covered.
Complete combat lifesaver bag on hand (if applicable.)
Weapons
Crew-served weapons functionally checked.
.50-cal headspace & timing set.