p. 7: Reference is made here to the T'ung-chien kang-mu and its translation by de Maila (1777-85). Criticism by O. Franke, Ku Chieh-kang and his school, also by G. Haloun.
p. 8: For the chronology, I rely here upon Ijima Tadao and my own research. Excavations at Chou-k'ou-tien stil continue and my account should be taken as very preliminary. An earlier analysis is given by E. von Eickstedt
( Rassendynamik von Ostasien, Berlin 1944). For the folowing periods, the best general study is stil J.G.
Andersson, Researches into the Prehistory of the Chinese, Stockholm 1943. A great number of new findings has been made recently, but no comprehensive analysis in a Western language is available.
p. 9: Comparison with Ainu has been made by Weidenreich. The theory of desiccation of Asia is not the
Huntington theory, but I rely here upon arguments by J.G. Andersson and Sven Hedin.
p. 10. The earlier theories of R. Heine-Geldern have been used here.
p. 11: This is a summary of my own theories. Concerning the Tungus tribes, K. Jettmar ( Wiener Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte, vol. 9, 1952, p. 484f and later studies) has proposed a more refined theory; other parts of the theory, as far as it is concerned with conditions in Central Asia, have been modified by F. Kussmaul (in:
Tribus, vol. 1952-3, pp. 305-60). Archaeological data from Central Asia have been analysed again by K.
Jettmar (in: The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Bulletin No. 23, 1951). The discussion on domestication of large animals relies on the studies by C.O. Sauer, H. von Wissmann, Menghin, Amschler, Flohr and, most
recently, F. Han[vc]ar (in: Saeculum, vol. 10, 1959, pp. 21-37 with further literature), and also on my own research.
p. 12: An analysis of the situation in the South according to Western and Chinese studies is found in H.J. Wiens, China's March toward the Tropics, Hamden 1954. Much further work is now published by Ling Shun-sheng,
Rui Yi-fu and other anthropologists in Taipei. The best analysis of denshiring in the Far East is stil the book by K.J. Pelzer, Population and Land Utilization, New York 1941. The anthropological theories on this page are my own, influenced by ideas of R. Heine-Geldern and Gordon Luce.
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p. 14: Sociological theory, as developed by R. Thurnwald and others, has been used as a theoretical tool here, together with observations by A. Credner and H. Bernatzik. Concerning rice in Yang-shao see R. Heine-Geldern in Anthropos, vol. 27, p. 595.
p. 15: Wu Chin-ting defended the local origin of Yang-shao; T.J. Arne, J.G. Andersson and many others
suggested Western influences. Most recently R. Heine-Geldern elaborated this theory. The alusion to Indo-
Europeans refers to the studies by G. Haloun and others concerning the Ta-Hsia, the later Yüeh-chih, and the
Tocharian problem.
p. 16: R. Heine-Geldern proposed a "Pontic migration". Yin Huan-chang discussed most recently Lung-shan culture and the mound-dwelers.
p. 17: The original Chu-shu chi-nien version of the stories about Yao has been accepted here, together with my own research and the studies by B. Karlgren, M. Loehr, G. Haloun, E.H. Minns and others concerning the origin
and early distribution of bronze and the animal style. Smith families or tribes are wel known from Central Asia, but also from India and Africa (see W. Ruben, Eisenschmiede und Dämonen in Indien, Leiden 1939, for
general discussion).—For a discussion of the Hsia see E. Erkes.